![]() ![]() Another review 20 has reported rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 5–7% of individuals with mild TBIs. 18 A 2009 review 19 reported that depression was increased after a TBI, but that the information for other psychiatric disorders was limited. Systematic reviews and large cohort studies have identified that psychiatric morbidity is high in individuals with TBI, with some finding that TBI increases risk. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and risk of psychiatric morbidity ![]() Finally, we provide a summary of what can be done to address TBI in relation to crime, and areas for future research. We then look at how prevalent TBI is in offenders-in children and young people, and in adults. We will first describe TBI and its neuropsychological and behavioural consequences and then examine the studies suggesting links between TBI and crime. 13 We aim to review the evidence for how TBI could be related to crime. 12 A TBI could compromise educational and employment capacity. 11 However, TBI in groups already at risk could amplify deficits and erode coping responses and social networks. Socioeconomic deprivation, male sex, and risk taking are co-associated with TBI and incarceration-and might simply occur by coincidence. 10 However, a range of potentially criminogenic pre-injury factors could also be risk factors for, and be exacerbated by, TBI. Those who offend could be risk takers with a low threshold for harm avoidance. The links between TBI and crime are complex. TBI often leads to cognitive and personality issues that might increase risk of crime. 7 – 9 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very common in young people. 6 Leading theories for antisocial behaviour hold that so-called difficult temperaments and neuropsychological deficits contribute to life problems linked to crime. 5 There have been repeated calls to improve management of mental and physical health of prisoners-which might reduce crime. 4 In England, reoffending by recent ex-prisoners is estimated to cost £10–13 billion a year. 3 Within a year of release from prison, 47% of adults, and 73% of those under 18 years, are reconvicted. 2 The lifetime costs of crime by a single prolific offender are in the range £1♳–2♳ million. 1 Prolific offenders are early starters and commit 77% of crime. Crime peaks in late adolescence and early adulthood. Crime has substantial human and economic costs. ![]()
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